Anamniotes

 ( Zoology ) 

The anamniotes are an paraphyly of comprising all fish and , which lay their in aquatic environments. They are distinguished from the (, and ), which can reproduce on dry land either by laying eggshell eggs or by carrying viviparity. Older sources, particularly before the 20th century, may refer to anamniotes as "lower vertebrates" and amniotes as "higher vertebrates", based on the antiquated idea of the evolutionary great chain of being.

The name "anamniote" is a back-formation word created by adding the prefix an- to the word amniote, which in turn refers to the amnion, an extraembryonic membrane present during the amniotes' embryonic development which serves as a biochemical barrier that shields the embryo from environmental fluctuations by regulating the oxygen, carbon dioxide and metabolic waste exchanges and secreting amniotic fluid. As the name suggests, anamniote embryos lack an amnion during embryonic development, and therefore rely on the presence of external water to provide oxygen and help dilute and excrete waste products (particularly ammonia) via diffusion in order for the embryo to complete development without being intoxicated by their own metabolites.

This means anamniotes are almost always dependent on an aqueous (or at least very moist) environment for reproduction

E. H. Colbert (2025). 9780471384618, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780471384618

and are thus restricted to spawning in or near water bodies. They are also highly sensitive to chemical and temperature variation in the surrounding water, and are also more vulnerable to egg predation and parasitism.

During their life cycle, all anamniote classes pass through a completely aquatic egg stage, as well as an aquatic stage during which all are gill-dependent and morphologically resemble tiny fish fin fish (known as a fry or a tadpole for fish and amphibians, respectively), before metamorphosis into juvenile and adult forms (which might be aquatic animal, semiaquatic or even terrestrial), thus indicating their physiology homology.

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Anamniote traits The group is characterized by retaining the primitive vertebrate condition in several traits:

A. S. Romer (1985). 9780030584435, Saunders. ISBN 9780030584435

Nicholson, H.A. (1880): Manual of Zoology, Blackwood And Sons. Original text

• Absence of an amnion
• Absence or rudimentary condition of the allantois
• Permeable skin allowing diffusion of water and gases directly through the skin.
• Presence at some period of life of gills.

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History of discovery The features unifying the anamniotes was first noted by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1863, who coined the phrase Ichtioid or Ichthyopsida ("fish-face") for the group.Huxley, T.H. (1876): Lectures on Evolution. New York Tribune. Extra. no 36. In Collected Essays IV: pp 46–138 original text w/ figures It is a taxonomic classification just below the level of Vertebrata, though Huxley presented the Ichthyopsida as an informal unit and never ventured to forward a Linnaean rank for the group. The term Ichthyopsida means fish-face or fish-like as opposed to the Sauropsida or lizard-face animals (reptiles and birds) and the mammals.Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed. (1878). original text The group representing an evolutionary grade rather than a clade, the term anamniote is now used as an informal way of denoting the physical property of the group, rather than as a systematic unit.

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